THE GAZA FOG OF ASYMMETRICAL VIOLENCE Need for International Inquiry

PREAMBLE: For this issue we present verbatim, a recent report by Amnesty International which outlines the desperate situation of the people of Gaza due to the Israeli blockade. While this seemingly archaic military tactic continues to be excused by Israel as an act of self-defence, independent analyses have revealed this to be capricious in terms of the range of prohibited items, and it is obviously counter-productive to the peace effort although apparently good politics in Israel itself. On the ground however, the situation is nothing less than a humanitarian disaster, especially as over half the Gaza population are children.

Regarding the boarding of a relief ship on which 9 relief workers were killed by Israeli military, while it is obvious that this must be subjected to an internal inquiry, it is doubtful that this will prove satisfactory in the eyes of world opinion. An international inquiry appears to be in order, as proposed by the United Nations and many countries which have voiced criticisms of Israel's blockade.

We also note that the Harper government of Canada has aligned itself so completely with the Israeli position that it appears to have lost the capacity for impartial analysis. The presence on the Israeli tribunal of a former Canadian military judge advocate (one of only two international observors) will surely be tainted by this, at least as a matter of perception. For a June 14 BBC article on the tribunal membership, see: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/10309872.stm

In the present politically disingenuous fog of asymmetrical violence, organizations such as Amnesty Internatinal play an indispensable role in bringing an independent view to bear on this example of massive unresolved human rights abuse.

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL REPORT:
Suffocating Gaza - the Israeli blockade's effects on Palestinians

Israel's military blockade of Gaza has left more than 1.4 million Palestinian men, women and children trapped in the Gaza Strip, an area of land just 40 kilometres long and 9.5 kilometres wide.

Mass unemployment, extreme poverty and food price rises caused by shortages have left four in five Gazans dependent on humanitarian aid. As a form of collective punishment, Israel’s continuing blockade of Gaza is a flagrant violation of international law.

The situation in Gaza has been made worse by the Egyptian government’s general closure of the Rafah crossing, although this was opened following the deaths of activists on the Gaza flotilla.

However, it is Israel, as the occupying power, that bears the foremost responsibility for ensuring the welfare of the inhabitants of Gaza.

Closed crossings
Since the blockade of Gaza was imposed in June 2007, none of the Israeli-controlled crossings between Gaza and Israel has been open in a regular or consistent way, and relatively little aid is getting through.

The one other land crossing at Rafah, on the border between Gaza and Egypt, is kept shut most of the time. The closures prevent the movement of Palestinians into and out of Gaza in all but a handful of cases, generally in exceptional humanitarian cases.

Basic goods
The blockade prohibits most exports and restricts the entry of basic goods, including food and fuel. Much of the available food is provided by the UN and other aid agencies, or smuggled in through tunnels running under the Egypt-Gaza border and then sold on at exorbitantly high prices to Gaza’s beleaguered residents.

The situation has been made worse by the Egyptian government’s construction of a steel wall along the border at Rafah to disrupt the cross-border smuggling that has become Gaza’s lifeline, as well as the bombing of tunnels by the Israeli airforce.

Economic collapse
Rather than targeting armed groups, the blockade mainly hits the most vulnerable, such as children (who make up more than half of the population in Gaza), the elderly, the sick and the Gaza Strip's large refugee population.

According to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency, the number of refugees living in abject poverty in the Gaza Strip has tripled since the blockade began. These families lack the means to purchase even the most basic items, including soap, school materials and clean drinking water. According to the UN, more than 60 per cent of households are currently "food insecure".

Lack of facilities
There are worsening problems with the supply of electricity in the Gaza Strip, with many residents enduring 8-12 hours of power cuts each day. There are also recurrent shortages of cooking gas, requiring the implementation of a rationing scheme in which hospitals and bakeries are prioritized.

Aid blocked
While Israel allows some humanitarian supplies from international aid agencies into Gaza, these are strictly limited and frequently delayed. UN agencies have said that additional storage and transportation costs incurred from delays due to the blockade totalled around $5 million in 2009.

Health
Gaza's health sector has been plagued by shortages in equipment and medical supplies during the blockade.

Following the Israeli closure of crossings, people with medical conditions that cannot be treated in Gaza have been required to apply for permits to leave the territory to receive treatment in either foreign hospitals or Palestinian hospitals in the West Bank.

The Israeli authorities frequently delay or refuse these permits; some Gazans have died while waiting to obtain permits to leave the territory for medical treatment elsewhere.

World Health Organization (WHO) trucks of medical equipment bound for Gazan hospitals have repeatedly been turned away, without explanation, by Israeli border officials.

The Gaza conflict
From 27 December 2008 to 18 January 2009, Gaza was subjected to a devastating Israeli military offensive – Operation “Cast Lead” – which Israel said it carried out to stop Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups firing indiscriminate rockets into Israel.

More then 1,380 Palestinians were killed, including more than 300 children and other civilians, and thousands were injured. Many thousands of homes were destroyed or severely damaged, as were the electricity and water systems. Civilian buildings, including hospitals and schools, were also damaged or destroyed by Israeli attacks.

Operation “Cast Lead” pushed the humanitarian crisis in Gaza to catastrophic levels. Since it concluded, the blockade has severely hampered or prevented reconstruction efforts. With many construction materials barred or limited by Israel, Gaza’s inhabitants are unable to rebuild their shattered lives.

Continued violence
In November 2009, Hamas declared a unilateral cessation of rocket fire, although this has since been breached on several occasions by members of Palestinian armed groups.

Since the ceasefire following Operation “Cast Lead” in January 2009, one person in southern Israel has been killed by mortars and rockets fired by Palestinian armed groups.

Israeli military forces, meanwhile, have conducted regular raids into Gaza and have continued to bomb the tunnels under the border at Rafah used for smuggling between Gaza and Egypt. In the year following Operation “Cast Lead”, 71 Palestinians were killed and 130 injured in the Gaza tunnels from tunnel collapse, accidents or airstrikes.

Israeli soldiers also continue to shoot at Palestinian farmers, fishermen and other civilians when they venture near Gaza’s perimeter or approach the three nautical mile limit that Israel imposes on Gaza’s coastline causing deaths and injuries.

Collective punishment
The Israeli authorities have put forward a range of justifications for the blockade - saying variously that it is a response to attacks from Palestinian armed groups, a reaction to the continued holding of the captured Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit, and a means to pressure the Hamas de facto administration.

But whatever its stated justification, the blockade is collectively punishing the entire population of Gaza, the majority of whom are children, rather than targeting the Hamas administration or armed groups.

SOURCE: Amnesty International June 1, 2010. http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/suffocating-gaza-israeli-blockades-effects-palestinians-2010-06-01

THE GLOBAL ARMS TRADE - An Atrocity?

PREFACE: Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed. The world in arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children… This is not a way of life at all, in any true sense. Under the cloud of threatening war, it is humanity hanging from a cross of iron.
— Former U.S. President, Dwight D. Eisenhower, in a speech on April 16, 1953
To find out who shares responsibility for global militarization, follow the money trail. Regardless of attempts to legitimize the trade, the historical reality is that bribery, corruption and mercenary as well as national self-interest lie at the heart of the trade. This month’s blog highlights the mainstream facts and some relevant reference sources.

WORLD MILITARY EXPENDITURES: World military expenditure in 2006 was estimated at $1204 billion in current prices, an increase of 3.5% in real terms since 2005 and of 37% over the 10-year period since 1997. Average spending per capita increased from $173 in 2005 to $177 in 2006 at constant (2005) prices and exchange rates and to $184 at current prices. The USA is responsible for 46% of the world total, distantly followed by the UK, France, Japan and China with 4-5% each.

USA: The rapid increase in the United States' military spending is to a large extent due to continued costly military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Between September 2001 and June 2006, the US Government provided a total of $432 billion in annual and supplemental appropriations under the heading 'global war on terrorism'. This massive increase in US military spending has been one of the factors contributing to the deterioration of the US economy since 2001. In addition to its direct impact of high military expenditure, there are also indirect and more long-term effects. According to one study taking these factors into account, the overall past and future costs until year 2016 to the USA for the war in Iraq have been estimated to $2267 billion.

CHINA: In 2006 China continued its steep increase in military expenditure, for the first time surpassing that of Japan and hence replacing Japan as the country in Asia with the highest level of military expenditure and as the fourth biggest spender in the world. Amid intense discussions on the right level of Japanese military spending, Japan decided, for the fifth consecutive year, to reduce its military spending in 2006 while at the same time focusing its military budget on missile defence.

THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ARMS: Aside from spending on their own military “needs”, it is fairly obvious from the figures quoted below that the leading arms dealing countries in the world are reaping major economic gains from exporting their military technologies. The only G-8 country not ranking highly on arms exporting is Japan.

Sellers: During the period 2000-2006, the US sold $45.4 billion worth of armaments into the global marketplace, ahead of Russia at $40.5 billion, followed by Germany at $11.6 billion and France at $11.1 billion. This was followed by the UK (7.0), the Netherlands (3.7), Sweden (3.1), Italy (3.0), China (2.9) with Ukraine (2.5) completing the top ten. Israel and Canada came in at 2.3B and 1.3 respectively.

Buyers: A comparison of government spending priorities across samples of countries in different per capita income groups shows that the lower the income group, the higher the priority given to military spending in relation to social spending. For example, UN data sources show that military expenditures exceed public expenditures on health or education for almost every country in South Asia (exception: the Maldives). Developing nations continue to be the primary focus of foreign arms sales activity by weapons suppliers.[2] During the years 1996-2003, the value of arms transfer agreements with developing nations comprised 63.9% of all such agreements worldwide. More recently, arms transfer agreements with developing nations constituted 60.4% of all such agreements globally from 2000-2003, and 53.6% of these agreements in 2003. The top seven recipient countries, comprising 59% of all purchases from 1999-2006, are: India 11%, China 8%, Saudi Arabia 8%, Egypt 6%, UAE 6%, Israel 5% and Pakistan 5%.[3]

References:
1. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. http://www.sipri.org/contents/milap/milex/mex_trends.html Accessed April 24, 2008.
2. Goliath Business Knowledge on Demand. Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations. http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4561391/Conventional-Arms-Transfers-to-developing.html Accessed April 25, 2008.
3. Anup Shah. Arms Trade – a Major cause of Suffering. October 30, 2007. http://www.globalissues.org/Geopolitics/ArmsTrade/BigBusiness.asp

COMMENTARY
There is clear evidence that the international transfer of arms or the training of foreign security forces can provide repressive governments and abusive armed groups with the means to carry out or intensify gross human rights violations. Arms brokers have been at the center of many of the most disturbing arms deals, including weapons transfers to abusive armed groups and countries under U.N. arms embargoes.[1] From 1998 to 2001, the USA, the UK, and France earned more income from arms sales to developing countries than they gave in aid.
The arms industry is unlike any other. It operates without regulation. It suffers from widespread corruption and bribes. And it makes its profits on the back of machines designed to kill and maim human beings. So who profits most from this murderous trade? The five permanent members of the UN Security Council—the USA, UK, France, Russia, and China. Together, they are responsible for eighty eight per cent of reported conventional arms exports. “We can’t have it both ways. We can’t be both the world’s leading champion of peace and the world’s leading supplier of arms.” Former US President Jimmy Carter, presidential campaign, 1976

References:
1. Amnesty International USA. http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-priorities/arms-trade/page.do?id=1011003&n1=3&n2=24 Accessed April 25, 2008.
2. The Arms Industry. Control Arms Campaign, October 2003. http://www.controlarms.org/the_issues/arms_industry.htm Accessed April 25, 2008.

RECOMMENDED SITE: We close this brief review with reference to a specialized website that we believe lays out the facts in a much more comprehensive manner than we have done:
Reference: Anup Shah. Arms Trade – a Major cause of Suffering. October 30, 2007. http://www.globalissues.org/Geopolitics/ArmsTrade/BigBusiness.asp

HUMANITARIAN SITUATION IN GAZA WORST IN FOUR DECADES

PREAMBLE: This issue features a report recently released by six international humanitarian NGOs (Amnesty International, Christian Aid, CAFOD, CARE, OXFAM, Save the Children, Trocaire), documenting the situation in Gaza as the worst since the 1967 war between Israel and its neighbours. The deterioration can be attributed mostly to the period since mid-2007 when Israel imposed a blockade. For "balance", we cite two reports from Israeli media; we also recognize that – like Canadians and their government –the views of all Israelis are not necessarily reflected in the policies of their government.

Canadian Complicity: This report should be of particular concern for Canadians, especially because Canada (under the minority Conservative government of Stephen Harper) is the only member country to vote against a recent United Nations Human Rights Council motion calling for immediate international action to force Israel to allow fuel, food, medicine and other essential items to be sent to the Gaza Strip, to reopen border crossings and to end its “grave violations” in the occupied Palestinian territory. References: 1. http://presscue.com/node/45049 2. http://radio.un.org/detail/8975.html

The UN Human Rights Council motion expressed deep concern about the “incessant and repeated Israeli military attacks and incursions,” which had killed and injured many Palestinian civilians. The resolution demanded “that the occupying power, Israel, lift immediately the siege it has imposed on the occupied Gaza Strip, restore continued supply of fuel, food and medicine and reopen the border crossings.” It called for protection of civilians in occupied Palestine in line with human rights law and international humanitarian law, and urged all parties to refrain from violence against civilians.

The text also called on the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), to report to the Council at its next session on the progress made towards implementing the resolution. The High Commissioner Ms. Arbour (a respected Canadian jurist) told the Council’s special session that the situation for both Palestinians and Israelis will continue to deteriorate unless both parties to the conflict and the international community take broader steps to action. “All parties concerned should put an end to the vicious spiral of violence before it becomes unstoppable,” she said. “To this end, they must ensure accountability for breaches of international humanitarian law and violations of international human rights law through credible, independent, and transparent investigations.”

Ms. Arbour added that the Israeli practice of collective punishment, disproportionate use of force and targeted killings continued, as did the Palestinian militants’ practice of indiscriminate firing of mortars and rockets into Israel.

Shortly afterwards, in early March 2008, Louise Arbour tended her resignation. While denying pressure to leave, there is no doubt she has been under continuing pressure from various interests for being such a forceful advocate for human rights. While Ms Arbour gave family reasons for stepping down, the fact that her own country Canada voted uniquely against this UN Human Rights Council resolution should not be ignored.
Reference: http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/un-high-commissioner-human-rights-resigns-20080310

Feature Report: A HUMANITARIAN IMPLOSION.
Basic Services: The blockade is destroying public service infrastructure in Gaza. The Israeli government prevents repair and maintenance of electricity and water service infrastructure in Gaza by prohibiting the import of spare parts. The impact of this is amplified by Israel’s parallel punitive restrictions on fuel and electricity. Hospitals cannot generate electricity to keep lifesaving equipment working or to generate oxygen, while 40-50 million tons of sewage continues to pour into the sea daily 14. In September 2007, an UNRWA survey in Gaza revealed a nearly 80% failure rate in schools grades four to nine, with up to 90% failure in Mathematics. In January 2008, UNICEF reported that schools in Gaza had been canceling classes that are high on energy consumption, such as IT, science labs and extra curricular activities.

Basic Medical Supplies and Access to Treatment: As a result of fuel and electricity restrictions, hospitals are currently experiencing power cuts lasting for 8-12 hours a day. There is currently a 60-70 % shortage reported in the diesel required for hospital power generators. According to the World Health Organization, the proportion of patients given permits to exit Gaza for medical care decreased from 89.3% in January 2007 to 64.3% in December 2007, an unprecedented low. It is important to note that even those patients who are granted permits to exit Gaza are often denied access at the crossing itself. Twenty-seven such cases were reported in the month of October alone. WHO has been monitoring the access of patients to specialized health services not available within Gaza. One main indicator monitored since October 2007 is the death of patients due to lack of access to referral services. During the period October-December 2007, WHO has confirmed the deaths of 20 patients, including 5 children.

A New Policy for Gaza: The blockade has effectively dismantled the economy and impoverished the population. Israel’s policy affects the civilian population of Gaza indiscriminately and constitutes a collective punishment against ordinary men, women and children. The measures taken are illegal under international humanitarian law. Israel has the right and duty to defend itself against indiscriminate rocket attacks against its civilian population, but the current policy fails to provide Israel with increased security and has led to increasing polarization. As the head of UNRWA has pointed out, ‘Hungry, unhealthy, angry communities do not make good partners for peace.’ International efforts should be directed towards securing a swift end to the blockade of Gaza. Israel’s current policy of isolation and refusal to engage with all elements of the Palestinian leadership only closes doors to negotiations while reinforcing the political and humanitarian crisis. There is an urgent need for Palestinian dialogue and reconciliation in order to create and sustain a credible and effective peace process with Israel. The international community must provide the political support to facilitate such an undertaking. To date, failure to address the situation in Gaza has harmed both Palestinians and Israelis and has been detrimental to the broader peace process itself.

Source: Amnesty International, Christian Aid, CAFOD, CARE, OXFAM, Save the Children and Trocaire. The Gaza Strip: a humanitarian implosion. Embargoed until March 6, 2008 http://my.ynet.co.il/pic/news/5.3.08/embargoedGazalowreswithout.pdf

As Reported in the Israeli Media
ISRAEL NEWS: The situation for 1.5 million Palestinians in the Gaza Strip is worse now than it has ever been since the start of the Israeli military occupation in 1967. The current situation in Gaza is man-made, completely avoidable and, with the necessary political will, can also be reversed. Gaza has suffered from a long-term pattern of economic stagnation and plummeting development indicators. The severity of the situation has increased exponentially since Israel imposed extreme restrictions on the movement of goods and people in response to the Hamas take over of Gaza and to indiscriminate rocket attacks against Israel. This report illustrates the gravity of the current situation across key sectors.

According to the report, the economic isolation of the 1.5 Palestinians living in Gaza has worsened unemployment and poverty and caused education and health services to deteriorate. Over a million people – 80% of the families - in the Strip are currently dependent on food supply from international aid agencies, compared to 63% of the families in 2006. Additionally, the number of trucks allowed to enter Gaza daily currently stands at only 45, compared to an average of 250 in the past. The Israeli ban on the transfer of raw materials has led to the freezing of 95% of industrial projects. As a result, almost all the factories in the Strip have gone bankrupt and forced to close.

Hamas' takeover of the Strip has also had a devastating effect on the local economy. Between June and September 2007, the rate of Palestinians earning less than $1.2 a day rose from 55% to 70%. The unemployment rate in Gaza currently stands at 40% and experts believe it might soon reach 50%. In the last year alone, some 75,000 people have lost their jobs.

Hike in Food Prices: The closure on the Strip and the collapse of the local economy have also contributed to a sharp increase in food prices. In 2007, Gazans spent 62% of their income on food supplies, compared to only 37% in 2004. The prices of flour and milk climbed 34% and 30% respectively between May and July 2007. Rice prices jumped by 20% over the same period.

As a result of the limited fuel and electricity supply, hospitals in Gaza face long power cuts, which last up to 12 hours a day. The report states that 18.5% of Palestinians who applied for medical treatment outside the Strip were rejected in 2007 and that the number of Palestinians who were approved treatment outside Gaza dropped by 25%. Twenty people awaiting an entry permit to Israel to receive medical treatment have died between October-December 2007, including five children.

'Exert greater pressure on Israel': The report's authors call on the UK government and the European Union to exert pressure on the Israeli government to lift the blockade on Gaza and refrain from limiting fuel and electricity supply to the Strip. The groups also urge the UK and EU to help mediate a truce between the Palestinian factions, in order to facilitate talks between Israel and the PA. The report further calls on the Palestinian terror groups to cease rocket attacks and refrain from targeting civilians, and urges Israel to stop strikes in Gaza.

Source: Israel News March 6, 2008/yNetNews.com Mar 6, 2008
http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3515538,00.html

JERUSALEM POST: For more on Israel’s rejection of the report, laying blame on Hamas, visit Jerusalem Post, March 7, 2008. http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1204546412033